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Nest Problems on the Bluebird Trail
Problem with Clues English
(house) sparrow
deer mice red squirrel starling tree swallow wren
Nest Little sticks in box, often up to top, maybe over bluebird nest           *
Feathers (usually white) on top of bluebird nest         *  
Debris, paper, weeds along with grass nest, often circled high over hole *          
Shredded bark, leaves, etc. filling box     *      
Shredded milkweed, seed and coneflower seed heads   *        
Coarse grass mixed with green weeds. Eggs robin sized but lighter blue       *    
Note: Nests with moss and fur-lined (chickadee); large grass with bits of snakeskin (crested flycatcher); shred of inner bark, fur, feathers, hair (nuthatch); should be welcome and left alone

 
Egg Problems on the Bluebird Trail
Problem with Clues cats English
(house) sparrow
raccoon red squirrel snake wren chipmunk
Eggs Bluebird eggs suddenly disappear, nest undisturbed   * *   * *  
Bluebird eggs disappear, nest partially pulled out of hole *   *        
Bluebird eggs shattered on ground or in nest   *   *   * *
Tiny holes pecked in eggs           *  

 
Nestling Problems on the Bluebird Trail
Problem with Clues blowflies cats English
(house) sparrow
gnats or
blackflies
hypothermia deer mice pesticide raccoon red squirrel snake
Nestlings Nestlings gone, nest intact, parents still around   * *             *
Nestlings gone, nest partially pulled through hole, Grass below may be trampled, feathers around   *           *    
Nestlings dead outside box, sometimes 1/day     *              
Nestlings suddenly dead in box, bodies unmarked, stomachs full parents still around             *      
Young nestlings dead in wet nest         *          
Nestlings dead in nest, emaciated predators got both parents
Nestlings dead in nest, little blackflies around, red welts on bodies, especially under wings       *            
Nestlings dead in nest, large red welts over bodies, black pupae or gray maggots under nest *

 (larvae)

                 
Nestlings mutilated in nest     *     *     *  
Female bluebird dead in box, head feathers and/or eyes pecked out     *              

 

Possible solutions to Predators and Problems on The Bluebird Trail
bulletAnts - Slip a paste or liquid ant poison under nest. Or staple a Q-tip soaked in liquid ant poison under nest and bottom of house.
bulletBlowflies - If small cigar-shaped pupae or gray maggots are found near bottom of nest, lift nest out with young and shake out as many insects as possible. Brush off floor. Spray inside of box with Flys Away II. If nest is wet and highly infested, construct a new one of dry grass and replace nestlings.
bulletCats - Usually leave some feathers around. If cat is known and cannot be confined during nesting period, trim front claws. Trimmed and de-clawed cats can still climb. Use cat/coon guards on box, inverted cone on post. Dispose of itinerant cats.
bulletEnglish (house) sparrows - bluebirds worst avian enemy! Will kill adult bluebirds and nestlings. Must be eliminated. Let sparrows start to nest then use trap with sparrow trap. Destroy nest & eggs. Where feasible, use baited ground trap.
bulletGnats or blackflies (tiny) - Use Flys Away II for heavy swarms and infestation. Spray inside of box regularly until nestlings are 12-13 days old.
bulletHypothermia - Check nest boxes after heavy, slanting rains. Replace wet nest with new dry grass. Young nestlings may die if left in wet nest. Dampness also attracts blowflies. Extended rain with cold endangers both tree swallows and bluebirds.
bulletDeer mice - Often nest over winter in closed boxes. Leave boxes open during winter if they become a problem Continue to throw out.
bulletPesticide (poisoning) - Usually a problem at second nesting only. Try to determine if poisons will be used nearby by farmer, groundskeeper, gardener, or lawn-care company; close boxes to prevent use. Take freshly-dead nestling to nearest DNR Nongame specialist for autopsy. Do not put boxes near lawn-treated areas.
bulletRaccoon - Use separate smooth metal posts if possible, or smoothly-wrapped tin on wood posts; try cone guards on post, cat/coon guards on box.
bulletRed squirrel - Keep nest boxes sealed in winter, or leave open. Climb-proof posts as with raccoons, and keep away from trees and saplings squirrels could leap from.
bulletStarling - Use starling trap. Eliminate. Be sure box entrance hole is minimum size for bluebirds. (1&3/8 2&1/4" or 1&1/2" round)
bulletSnake - Climb proof separate post or heavily grease.
bulletTree swallow - Pair boxes 25-30' with 300' between pairs. Remove used bluebird nests promptly for maximum nesting opportunities.
bulletWren - Keep sticks removed. Move bluebird boxes away from brush, trees, at least 200-300 feet if possible. Erect wren boxes near brush if they can be kept far distant.

SUMMARY: Always place boxes high (5-6') on separate posts; never on trees or on fence lines. In cat/raccoon areas, use cat/coon guard around holes; wrap wooden posts high with smooth tin or, preferably, use smooth narrow metal posts. Grease posts regularly or use inverted cones. Flys Away II is a natural insecticide (pyrethrin) made to spray on open wounds of horses. It has been tested extensively on small birds.

These tables and information were constructed from material published by the Bluebird Recovery Program of Minnesota (BBRP) that was last revised in 1991, and is used with permission.

10/02/02

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