FEEDING BLUEBIRDS

The food mix is meant to be a dietary supplement to a healthy, free ranging bird. The food is NOT sufficient to be a complete diet. It is also not meant to be a food for abandoned nestlings. The food will not harm such a bird, but would require additional protein (ground dry catfood, dog biscuits, or monkey biscuits), additional calcium (finely powdered egg shell or oyster shell), and vitamin supplement (bird vitamins from vet or pet shop). Please consult an expert in the care of injured or abandoned nestlings. Remember, nursing or caring for young or injured wild birds requires a Federal/State permit and special training. A healthy, free ranging bird will balance it's own diet.

FEEDER STYLE

Bluebirds are not normally attracted to a feeder. After being "conditioned" the bluebirds will accept food from various styles of feeders. The feeder can be as simple as a pie plate, cake pan, or plastic planter drainage dish. It can be a stationary or hanging wood tray or screen tray feeder. It can be a small log with holes - hung vertically or sideways. It can be a muffin cup on a simple platform or a microwave tray on a deck railing! My bluebirds also come to window feeders (attached to the glass with suction cups). A more complicated idea is the "enclosed feeder" - a basic feeder shape (straight sides-sloped roof with glass or screen sides with entrance holes on the ends. Many commercial companies offer these enclosed "bluebird feeders". CAUTION: bluebirds have been confused by glass sides and become trapped inside, some even dying - I suggest that the glass sides be replaced with screen or smeared with mud or suet to fog up the glass. A bluebird house can be converted into a "feeder house" by placing a jar lid inside - raising the floor with something so the food is just below the entrance hole.

FEEDER PLACEMENT

Place the feeder in the open - within the bluebird's clear view from one of their favorite perches. Once discovered and the birds are taking the food, you can move it gradually to a more desired location. I started by placing the feeder (a cake pan) on the ground in front of the bird's chosen nesting box. When they were eating the food, I moved it 5-6 feet per day, finally hanging it off a deck post. Do not mount the feeder on an occupied birdhouse, this may attract unwanted birds and critters to the birdhouse - risking problems.

CONDITIONING or TRAINING the BIRDS to COME to a FEEDER

Because bluebirds are not used to being at feeders, it usually requires a bit of work on your part to train or condition them. I put small amounts(1/2-1/2 cup) of the food mix out a couple times a day - usually at the same times. My birds are used to this and are sometimes waiting for their treat. Even though I may sound silly. I "call" my birds and they know this means feeding time. (what you call is up to you - a whistle or tap-tap on the feeding dish or word...but remember, someone may hear you!). Again, in the beginning, make sure the feeder is in their view. You can move it later to a more convenient spot. Use a light color or contrasting color pan or dish so the food is visible. Live food such as meal worms, grubs, or waxworms can be used to attract the bird's attention. You can get these at a bait shop or mail-order from a company such as GRUBCO (1-800-222-3563). Sprinkle a few on top of the food mix so they are visible wriggling around. Make sure the feeding dish has sides 1 1/2 - 2 inches high so the worms don't crawl out. The live food will attract the birds and encourage the sampling of the food mix. Once discovered and the birds are eating, you may discontinue the live food - or keep it up...bluebirds love meal worms! This conditioning or training only takes about a week to 10 days, after which they eagerly come without hesitation or any special effort on your part. Some more intensive methods may be required with the restrictive-enclosed feeders. They require a little extra training. Because the birds have to enter to feed, they seem hesitant. Although in the spring, the natural urge to investigate cavities may encourage them to check out the feeder. One can dismantle the feeder, adding the parts back on as the birds learn to eat from it. It can be just a simple matter of removing one glass or screen side and leaving the top (roof) flipped open - again replacing them as the birds come to eat. Another idea is to replace one of the two glass sides with a piece of masonite that has two more 1 1/2 inch entrance holes drilled in it.

SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT FEEDING BLUEBIRDS

Other birds are eating the food! What should I do? That's OK. My bluebirds eat in the company of other birds: woodpeckers, finches, orioles. I find that putting out the food at certain times helps. Also, by bringing the feeding tray close to the house (6 ft from the patio doors), I found that the more wary birds like the bluejay hung back. If you find that the bigger birds are gobbling the food, try the restrictive enclosed feeder idea. What about squirrels, opossums and raccoons? Yes, they will eat the mix. If you have these critters, put the food tray or dish on a predator guarded pole. With opossums and raccoons, just bring the food in at night.

The mix gets melty in the sun! So does mine. The birds don't mind and usually eat it up before too long.

What about rain? Drainage holes should be in whatever feeder you use. Rain makes the mix become the consistency of porridge. I found the birds still eat it, if it is not totally liquid. You may want to use a roofed platform. Or hang the tray under a roof soffit. Or just replace the food with fresh after a rain.

What else can I feed bluebirds? Live food - meal worms, wax worms, grubs. Wild fruits and berries. I have harvested sumac and dogwood. You can pick the whole berry bunch and hang to dry in an unheated shed or garage. Or use a food dehydrator. Wild berries can also be frozen. Harvest when ripe, discard spoiled fruits, spread single layer on a tray and freeze. When frozen, repack into airtight containers and you will have food ready for the next spring. Be sure of your identification of wild fruits, for both your safety and the health of the birds. Bluebirds have also been known to eat :cottage cheese, American cheese, shelled sunflower, nuts, raisins.

I've tried all the ideas and the bluebirds are still not eating the food. It may well be that the bluebirds have an abundance of natural foods and are just not interested in your offering. I've found the best time to introduce feeding here in Minnesota, is in the spring when there is a lack of food. Once conditioned to the food, they then eat it all season. Try again when natural foods are not available.

RESEARCH METHODS

In order to develop the bluebird food and test various homemade mixes and the commercially available bluebird foods, I used a hanging platform and a stationary platform, both with 3 individual trays. The hanging platform hung from cords and rotated in the wind. The inside trays were removable. I also used a stationary platform with 3 removable trays, mounted on a deck post . These trays were rearranged every feeding period, so the birds were not just eating from the same spot. If they wanted to eat a particular mixture, they had to find it. It would not be in the same place each time. The birds were enticed to the feeding area with meal worms in the spring. During the feeding tests, no meal worms were given out - only the food mixes. The homemade mix was arrived at by adding and subtracting ingredients, noting which mixture the birds ate from in a feeding period. A feeding period was considered from the time food was put out in the trays - counting each bird's single partaking/eating of a particular tray's contents as a "hit" , during one 10 minute period of an hour, every hour from 9 am to 9 pm. When the 10 minute observation period ended, the food was removed until the next hour. With the homemade mix, the final resulting recipe was the one with the most "hits" in a one week's time of testing. The trays were labeled with numbers that corresponded to a particular recipe. (Please note that I had a basic recipe that bluebirds had eaten the previous year when research was not being done. This recipe is a fairly common one among bird feeding, variations of which there are many.)  The rest of summer, I tested various commercial mixes against the homemade mix. Commercial mixes tested were :C & S "Bluebird Delight", C & S "Bluebird Treat", C & S "Raisin Delight" (a cake), Cokerum Oregon Insect Corporation (COICOR) "Blue Robin Crumbles". Again, foods were put in trays differently each feeding period and the hanging feeder swung around - the birds had to find the food they wanted. This was put out 3 - 4 times a day with a 10 minute observation period.  Homemade recipe and instructions were sent to people in various parts of the U.S. for testing in other areas.

FOOD TESTING RESULTS

Bluebirds preferred the homemade mix over all the commercial products. The top ranking two commercial products were 1st choice - "Blue Robin Crumbles" and 2nd choice - "Bluebird Delight". An average of the 10 minute feeding observation periods was : Homemade Bluebird Banquet recipe - 11 hits, Blue Robin Crumbles - 6 hits, Bluebird Delight- 3 hits. COICOR Blue Robin Crumbles is a mix of corn flour, wheat flour, beef kidney suet and dried insects. Comments: nice crumbly texture, no unpleasant odor. Product taken twice as often as the other commercial product (Marketed by ZBird Products) C & S Bluebird Delight is mixture of large pellets comprised of grains (unspecified), suet and peanuts mixed with raisins. Comments: product is dry, product has a grainy odor, pellets are too big - bluebirds would not eat these until crumbled into smaller bits, bluebirds left the large raisins. C & S company took the idea further and made a new product Bluebird Treat - the same ingredients, but raisins now ground into the mix and the extruded pellets are now smaller. Bluebirds picked at the new Bluebird Treat pellets, with no improvement in feeding rates. C & S Raisin Delight Suet Cakes are a cake formed of the same mixture of grains, suet, peanuts and raisins. Bluebirds did not readily take to the cakes, no matter how they were presented - until crumbled into a tray, at that point they picked at it rarely. (C & S makes many other suet cake "flavors", I tested Suet Dough, and various fruit flavored cakes - bluebirds rarely even sampled these.  In every observation period, when the bluebirds landed on the platform -they tasted a food and if it was one of the commercial foods, they hopped to the next tray, until they got to the homemade mix. They frequently appeared to visually look at the food and move on without tasting. Hits on the commercial products were all at the first taste after landing, the birds always proceeded to the homemade mix and continued to eat at the homemade food for several hits. When the bluebird parents picked up a piece of food and flew with it to their birdhouse to feed their nestlings - it was never with a piece of commercial mix, but always the homemade product. The bluebird parents then brought the fledglings to the feeding platforms. The adults would taste a food, again if it were the commercial products, they moved on to the homemade mix. They then would pick up pieces and feed the young from the homemade. When the fledglings were beginning to feed themselves, they tended to gulp which ever food they landed near. At the end of the summer, they were behaving as the adults - picking and tasting till arriving at the homemade mix. A comment regarding "pellet" shaped food in general. This form of food for birds is being questioned by some in the cage bird feeding trade. Studies of how a bird's eye works reveals that the smoother surface of the pellet reflects back to the bird's eye and the surface does not indicate to the bird that this is food. Rougher, crumbly shapes appear to attract the bird more readily.  In testing of the homemade recipe in other areas of the country, there were 28 requests for the bluebird feeding information. Of the 28, 17 reported back. 3 did not try to feed for various reasons. 14 reported trying the food and methods. Of the 14 who tried the food, 9 were successful and 5 were not successful in feeding bluebirds. Of those that attempted to feed, there were those that just put the food out and those who worked more at conditioning the birds. Success was more frequent with those that did the conditioning.

CONCLUSIONS

The homemade food was preferred by the bluebirds. The big difference in the ingredients between homemade and commercial is the peanut butter. The homemade mixture is fresh. The commercial products were of drier consistency. Crumbled texture was preferred over pelleted forms. Small Zante currants were eaten, large raisins were not. Smaller pelleted food was preferred over large pellets. The cost of the commercial products are much higher than homemade mixes. My cost for a recipe was about $6 - one recipe filled about 1/2 to 3/4 of a plastic ice cream bucket and cost broke down to $0.93 per pound. (Cost reflects using generic ingredients) Commercial product costs vary depending on the retailer, and range from $2-5 for 8 to 16 ounces to $19-25 for 5 to 9 pounds.

SUGGESTIONS

If you want to feed bluebirds, you can do so at lower cost and more success with a homemade mix. If you can make cookie dough, you can make homemade bluebird food. Commercial products are acceptable but not preferred by bluebirds, and you pay for the convenience of ready-made. The real element of success depends on an a few days of training the birds in the beginning.

FINAL CONCLUSION

Bluebirds will accept a feeding program and if we start one, we can help the bluebird survive adverse conditions and increase our enjoyment of this special bird.

Please direct questions and comments concerning this article to Linda Janilla Peterson